On Jan 13, 9:45 am, Bruce Majors <majors.br...@gmail.com> wrote:
> funny then that she is all you peeps can talk about?
>
> I guess it's you way of not talking about Obama's failures with unemployment
> and the war in Afghanistan isn't it?
>
>
>
> On Wed, Jan 12, 2011 at 11:07 AM, Leslie H Spacbell.net> wrote:
>
> > I don't know if Palin is "anti-Semetic" but her whole act is embedded with
> > the gun metaphor and the threat of violence, "lock and load", "don't
> > retreat, reload", bulls eyes on political opponents, all of that is
> > undeniable.
>
> > I think, as the very recent tracking data shows, she is going to be even
> > less influential in the future.
>
> > Her whole act is divisive partisan rhetoric. Her base may remain loyal but
> > she has no chance of winning a presidential campaign at this point, so Good
> > Riddance!
>
> > ------------------------------
> > *From:* Lee Mentley <leement...@sbcglobal.net>
> > *To:* Pope Rat <benedict...@vatican.va>
> > *Sent:* Wed, January 12, 2011 9:00:08 AM
> > *Subject:* [NewAmericanDemocrats] Why did Sarah Stalin Use The Term 'Blood
> > Libel'
>
> > FYI
>
> > Why did Sarah Stalin Use The Term 'Blood Libel'...?
>
> > Isn't Ms. Giffords Jewish...?
>
> > *HRH Lee Mentley*
> > **
>
> > [image: Zionism - Israeli Flag] <http://zionism-israel.com/>
>
> > Zionism and Israel - Encyclopedic Dictionary
> > *Blood Libel *
> > Zionism <http://www.zionism-israel.com/> maps<http://www.zionism-israel.com/maps/Israel_Maps.htm>
> > history <http://www.zionism-israel.com/history.htm> biography<http://www.zionism-israel.com/zionist_biographies.htm>
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> > links <http://www.zionism-israel.com/zionism_links.htm> contact<http://www.zionism-israel.com/contact.htm>
>
> > *Blood Libel *- The blood libel is a false accusation that Jews sacrifice
> > Christian children either to use the blood for various "medicinal" purposes
> > or to prepare Passover <http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Passover.htm>Matzoth (unleavened bread) or for vengeance and mock crucifixions. It is one
> > of the central fables of Anti-Semitism<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Anti-Semitism.htm>of the older (middle ages) type. The blood libel is a phenomenon of medieval
> > and modern Christian anti-Semitism, but spread to the Middle East as early
> > as 1775, when there was a blood libel in Hebron. A second blood libel
> > occurred in Damascus in 1840 and one occurred in Cyprus in the same year. As
> > the blood libel was the subject of folk ballads and literature, it was not
> > simply a religious superstition in Europe, but a staple of popular culture,
> > like most anti-Semitic prejudices.
>
> > [image: Blood Libel, Nazi Germany]
>
> > Blood Libel illustration in the Nazi Newspaper Westdeutchen Beobachter of
> > Cologne, published by Robert Ley - the most popular newspaper in Western
> > Germany in the early years of Nazism.
> > Blood libels in the both the West and the East were generally occasions for
> > large-scale persecution and judicial murders of Jew<http://zionism-israel.com/jew.htm>s,
> > as well as the basis for expulsions and pogroms. There have been about 150
> > cases of blood libel that were actually tried by Catholic authorities, and
> > many other rumored cases that never came to trial.
> > The enduring nature of the blood libel is one of its most remarkable
> > features. It was an invention of the pagans. It was revived and exploited in
> > medieval Christian superstition, later promoted deliberately by the
> > counter-reformation and the Inquisition<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Inquisition.htm>,
> > By the 19th century, much of the "old" anti-Semitism of the medieval period
> > had passed from the world, but the libel persisted. It has been transplanted
> > to the United States and the belief flourishes in Muslim countries as well.
> > Investigations, instigations and enforcement had been transferred in part
> > from the Roman Catholic Church to lay authorities: Tsarist police, Polish
> > police and even New York State Troopers.
> > Various immediate political or other motivations are often attached to the
> > accusations, such as desire to obtain Jewish property, but the libel could
> > not succeed if large numbers of people did not believe it, and they do. The
> > blood libel is not a thing of the past. The idea that ritual sacrifice is
> > practiced by Jews is held by supposedly learned professors, one of whom
> > asked complains that:
>
> > We are simply supposed to dismiss as anti-Semitic ranting any
> > argumentation... which would uphold that the Catholics could have been
> > justified in their claims that Jews in the Middle Ages practiced blood
> > libel, Kabbalitic black magic, and child crucifixions. (see
> > traditioninaction.org/History/A_010_BloodyPassovers.htm)
>
> > Of course, it is impossible to disprove such claims, and of course some
> > Jews practiced or believed in "Kabbalitic magic" which is harmless mystical
> > superstition, and is here turned into something sinister.
>
> > The blood libel has insinuated itself into political discourse. In 2003,
> > The Independent published a cartoon of Ariel Sharon eating babies<http://zionism-israel.com/israel_news/2009/02/wording-israel-out-of-e...>,
> > which was awarded a prize. In 2009, Pat Oliphant published a cartoon
> > <http://jta.org/news/article/2009/03/26/1004008/jewish-groups-call-oli...>of
> > a Jewish start dripping blood.
> > Falsity of the Blood Libel
> > It should not be necessary to point out that consumption of blood is
> > forbidden to Jew <http://zionism-israel.com/jew.htm>s (Leviticus 3:17
> > Leviticus 7:26 Leviticus 17:10-14 Deuteronomy 12:15-16, 20-24), and that the
> > accusations are fantastic and without foundation. The Emperor Frederick II
> > of Hoehenstauffen and Pope Innocent IV both refuted the blood libel myth and
> > Pope Gregory X issued a letter condemning it. Until the most recent times,
> > the blood libel was condemned as false by Muslims. The Sultan Suleiman the
> > Magnificent as well as the 19th century reformist Sultan Mahmoud II
> > denounced the blood libel as a Christian fable.
> > Blood Libel in Modern Times
> > The blood libel accusation is still alive in modern times. A book by
> > Mustapha Tlass, former Syrian defense minister, recent newspaper articles in
> > Egyptian and Saudi newspapers and a recent Egyptian movie all describe the
> > blood libel as true. The book by Tlass, The Matzah of Zion, is still
> > enjoying heavy sales and is reprinted regularly in the Arab world. There
> > have been at least 8 reprintings, and the book has been translated into
> > English, French and Italian. The book also alleges the truth of the Protocols
> > of the Elders of Zion<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion.htm>.
> > In Russia, the blood libel still enjoys public support and was championed in
> > 2002 by twenty Dumas members ref<http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A29F2/5295297?pub_copy=on>, and repeated in 2007
> > ref <http://www.rusidea.org/index.php?a=2001>. Likewise in Iran it is
> > treated as a fact. ref<http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP105305>
> > Osama Al Baz, adviser to Egypt's President Mubarak, published a refutation
> > of the Blood Libel and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion myths in
> > Al-Ahram <http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/619/focus.htm>. Al Baz's article
> > however, has illustrations comparing the behavior of Israeli soldiers to
> > Nazis in the Warsaw Ghetto, and the article may have been in part an attempt
> > to embarrass the government of rival Syria.
> > The blood libel is still believed by certain Roman Catholics who celebrate,
> > for example, the feast of the "martyr" St Simon of Trent<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Simon_of_Trent_blood_libel.htm>on March 24, though Simon's canonization, if he was indeed canonized, had
> > been revoked in 1965. As of this writing, there are numerous Catholic Web
> > pages and Web sites that describe the blood libel as true, including the
> > following examples:
>
> > hiddenireland.wordpress.com/2008/06/09/st-simon-of-trent-pray-for-us-the-child-neither-heard-nor-seen-by-vatican-ii/
>
> > stsimonoftrent.com/
>
> > oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Hugh%2C_Saint - which equivocates,
> > "Whether there was any basis of truth in the accusation against the Jews
> > there is now no means of ascertaining."
>
> > The eradication of this vile superstition has been further complicated by
> > the work of an Israeli Jew, Ariel Toaff, who wrote a book called "Blood
> > Passover" (or Bloody Passovers) The book, which he was pressured into
> > suppressing, is circulating in various mutilated forms on the Web, altered
> > by comments of anonymous anti-Semitic editors. Toaff claimed he wanted to
> > avoid writing a "one sided history." Evidently, he has a grudge against Ashkenazic
> > Jews <http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Ashkenazy_Jew.htm>, whom he
> > consistently paints in an unfavorable light. He quoted as fact
> > indiscriminately, the accounts and tales of various chronicles, and the
> > records of "confessions" extracted by torturers to substantiate various
> > claims regarding the Jews, though not the blood libel itself. He claims for
> > example, that German Jews used blood (not necessarily human) in medicines.
> > He also relates the interesting information that Jews were accused of
> > roasting the Passover <http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Passover.htm>lamb in a vertical position in order to mock the crucifixion of Jesus. It
> > may be true that there was a custom of roasting lambs vertically to better
> > drain the blood according to Jewish law.
>
> > Toaff's book and its suppression invoked an ugly and absurd and obviously
> > anti-Semitic campaign. The blood libel accusation was the result of both
> > superstition and policy that resulted in systematic persecution and murder
> > of hundreds of people, even in some cases where authorities plainly knew the
> > accusation was false. Now it is alleged that there is some "justification"
> > for these murders, raising the possibility that somewhere, at one time, one
> > or more Jews might have engaged in similar practices, or in practices
> > mistaken for the ritual sacrifice, and relying on confessions elicited under
> > torture. There is of course, no way to prove that in 2,000 years there was
> > never a case, for example, of a single demented Jew who killed a Christian
> > child for whatever bizarre reason. This possibility is offered as
> > "justification" for a continuous and malicious history of persecution and
> > libel, often carried out with obvious motives of monetary gain, either to
> > murder Jewish creditors or to profit from a shrine to a nonexistent martyr.
> > History of the Blood Libel
> > Before the advent of Christianity, Apion accused Jews of sacrificing pagan
> > children, providing "evidence" of a child who had escaped after being
> > fattened for slaughter. St Julian hints at accusations of flesh eating
> > against Christians. The ancient Christian Father of the Church Tertullian
> > complained that the blood libel accusation was made against Christians,
> > perhaps in connection with the eating of the host. He wrote:
>
> > "We are said to be the most criminal of men, on the score of our
> > sacramental baby-killing and the baby-eating that goes with it and the
> > incest that follows the banquet..." (Apology 7.1)
>
> > The earliest tale of Jews crucifying a Christian is that of the Fifth
> > century Church historian Socrates it seems. In dealing (vii.16) with events
> > about the year 415, he wrote:
>
> > "Now a little after this the Jews paid the penalty for further lawless acts
> > against the Christians. At Inmestar, a place so-called, which lies between
> > Chalcis and Antioch in Syria, the Jews were in the habit of celebrating
> > certain sports among themselves: and, whereas they habitually did many
> > foolish actions in the course of their sports, they were put beyond
> > themselves (on this occasion) by drunkenness, and began deriding Christians
> > and even Christ himself in their games. They derided the Cross and those who
> > hoped in the Crucified, and they hit upon this plan. They took a Christian
> > child and bound him to a cross and hung him up; and to begin with they
> > mocked and derided him for some time; but after a short space they lost
> > control of themselves, and so ill-treated the child that they killed him.
> > Hereupon ensued a bitter conflict between them and the Christians: this
> > became known to the authorities: orders were sent to the provincial
> > magistrates to seek out the guilty persons and punish them: and so the Jews
> > of that place paid the penalty for the crime they had committed in sport."
> > ref <http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/blood_libel.htm#1>
>
> > There is no way of ascertaining what part of the above story is true,
> > though in any case it was not a ritual murder.
> > Summary of Christian Blood Libel Cases
> > Pope Benedict XIV summarized the history of the child martyr ritual murder
> > cases known to the Roman Catholic Church by 1755 in his Bull, Beatus Andeas.
> > The Bull thoroughly endorsed the notion that the Jews murdered Christian
> > children for malice or religious purposes. This was in the year 1755, not
> > the middle ages. The Bull Beatus Andreas lists these case of children
> > allegedly murdered by Jews, and some previous child maryrdom cases where the
> > identify of the murderers is not made clear:
>
> > From the Bollandists for the date 24 March, we are told -- aside from what
> > has been mentioned concerning the blessed boy Simon of Trent -- that in the
> > Diocese of Cologne, a boy Johannchen [i.e., little Johnny] is venerated, who
> > was killed by the Hebrews out of hatred against the (Christian) faith.
> > Baillet reports for the same 24th of March, that in Paris a certain boy
> > Richard (Riccardus) is venerated as a martyr.
> > And likewise, in England another boy with the name William (Villelmus) is
> > honored. This boy was murdered by the Jews out of hatred against the
> > (Christian) faith.
> > In the 18th volume of the work of Father Theophil Raynoud, and in
> > particular in the work that is entitled De Martyrio per pestem [Concerning
> > Martyrdom by means of destruction], in Part 2, Chapter 2, Nr. 7, one reads
> > that in the time of King Ferdinand in Spain a three-year-old boy was killed
> > by Jews out of hatred against Christ in the district of Guardia near Toledo
> > [see below] that veneration is shown him and that he is called the innocent
> > child of Guardia for obvious reasons.
> > And the same is attested of two other two-year-old twin boys in Sardinia,
> > who bore the names Cessilius and Camerinus.
> > And further, in the aforementioned apologetic [this derivative of the word
> > "apology" is used in the alternate meaning of that word as "an exposition in
> > support or defense of."] treatise concerning the martyrdom of the Blessed
> > Simon of Trent, there is mentioned on page 242, a little three-year-old girl
> > by the name of Ursula who was murdered in the cruellest manner by Jews out
> > of hatred of Christ, approximately in the year 1442 in Lienz, a small but
> > old town in the County of Tyrol, located in the Pustertal [Puster Valley]
> > toward Kärnten,. In the year 1609 an older monument at the church of this
> > place was replaced by a new one. This (newer one) was chiselled after [the
> > likeness of] the older one and one can read, incribed on the same, the story
> > of that horrible atrocity.
> > And on page 264, etc., is mentioned a boy Laurentius, whom the Jews killed
> > in 1485 when he was 5 years of age, out of hatred toward the faith, and this
> > boy has been regarded and venerated as a martyr since his martyrdom and up
> > to the present day in Marostica in the region of Vicenza and in areas not
> > far from there.
>
> > Of the cases mentioned by the Pope, all of which the church endorsed, many,
> > but not all, are discussed below, as well as numerous other instances.
> > However, there are without a doubt a far larger number that were not
> > recorded, or for which records were lost. No blood libels, for example, are
> > reported for the 14th century, which was an era of upheavals caused by the
> > black death, which brought its own quotas of pogroms. It is not improbable
> > that records were lost.
> > Blood Libel of St William of Norwich
> > The earliest recorded accusation of Jews killing Christian children in
> > ritual murder, though not for blood, is possibly the case of William of
> > Norwich in 1144. An English mob accused Jews of murdering the boy during
> > Easter. This story was related in The Life and Miracles of St William of
> > Norwich, by Thomas of Monmouth, a monk, who composed "The Life and Miracles
> > of St William of Norwich." He may have invented the story himself, or based
> > it on an accusation he had heard, for he was not an eye witness. He had
> > arrived in Norwich several years after the event. This story did not claim
> > that the Jews used the blood to bake unleavened bread, but rather claimed
> > the boy had been crucified. Nonetheless, it is sometimes thought to be the
> > first "blood libel." The "theory" offered to explain these murders is that
> > "the Jews" required a yearly sacrifice of a Christian in order to regain
> > their homeland and that in this case, "the Jews" had met at Narbonne and
> > drawn lots, the lot falling to Norwich as the site of the murder.
> > The story took root. The cult of William of Norwich became a source of
> > wealth for the local church and the town. Nearly all the Jews of Norwich
> > were found murdered in their homes in 1190. A mob attacked Jews who had come
> > to the coronation of King Richard the Lionhearted in 1189.
> > Several other cases are related at about the same time as that of St
> > William of Norwich. They may or may not have been inspired by Monmouth's
> > fabrication. The first is earlier than the publication of Thomas of
> > Monmouth's book, but the tale was probably already extant. Some of these are
> > discussed below.
> > The Blood Libel of Harold
> > On March 18th, 1168, the body of a boy named Harold was found in the Severn
> > at Gloucester, much mutilated, with traces of burning on the flesh and the
> > garments, thorns in the head and armpits, marks of melted wax in the eyes
> > and ears, and some of the teeth knocked out. The murder was supposed to have
> > taken place on Friday, March 17th. The convent went out in procession to
> > receive the body, and it was inspected and washed by the monks, and buried
> > before the altar of SS. Edmund and Edward, on the northern side. The boy was
> > reported to have been stolen by the Jews about February 21 and hidden until
> > the day of the murder; and Jews from all parts of England were summoned on
> > pretext that a boy was to be circumcised and a great feast held "according
> > to the Law" (ex lege). No Christian was present, and no Jew confessed to the
> > deed, which was matter of conjecture. The source of this extremely shaky
> > story is the Historia Monasterii S. Petri Gloucestriae p.21 (Rolls Series).
> > It is to be observed that nothing is said concerning the customary or ritual
> > nature of such murders, but the season is near the Passover. Other
> > chroniclers who speak of the boy Harold are Chron Petroburgense under 1161,
> > Brompton under 1160, and Knighton. ref<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/blood_libel.htm#1>
> > Blood Libel of St Richard of Pontoise
> > In 1171 there was an accusation of child-murder against the Jews of
> > Orleans, and another against those of Blois, this last in the Pascal season,
> > as reported by Robert of Torigny. In Blois, about 30-40 Jews were burned
> > alive. In 1179 we have the martyrdom of St Richard of Pontoise by the Jews
> > of Paris or of Pontoise, whose passion, by Robert Gaguin (1498), is printed
> > in the Acta Sanctorum for March 25. It speaks of the slaying of a Christian
> > as a yearly custom, and makes Richard - of whose identity and parentage
> > nothing is said - to be examined in a cave by a priest of the Jews and asked
> > to deny his faith. He is crucified and quotes Scripture when on the cross.
> > The result of the martyrdom is a grand persecution by Philip Augustus. ref<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/blood_libel.htm#1>
> > Blood Libel of Robert of Bury St. Edmunds
> > Two years afterwards, in 1181, the boy Robert was found killed at Bury St
> > Edmunds. John de Taxster in his chronicle says the boy Robert was martyred
> > at St Edmund's by the Jews on Wednesday the 10th of June. William of
> > Worcester says that his feast was celebrated in May, and that the boy was
> > crucified. The Chronicle of Melrose also mentions the case of Robert, and
> > goes on to mention the death of a boy Herbert at Huntingdon.
> > In 1192 there was a supposed martyrdom at Winchester, reported by Richard
> > of Devizes. The victim was a French boy brought up by a Jew to the trade of
> > a cobbler in France, and sent with a commendatory letter, written in Hebrew,
> > to the Jews at Winchester. He disappeared after some months, and the charge
> > of crucifixion, brought by a boy-friend of his, and confirmed by a Christian
> > woman who served the Jews, was dismissed. The body was never produced. ref<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/blood_libel.htm#1>
> > Blood Libel in Thomas of Cantimpre
> > The first literary reference to the blood libel proper was made in the 13th
> > century in "Bonum Universale de Apibus," ii. 29, # 23, by Thomas of
> > Cantimpré:
>
> > "It is quite certain that the Jews of every province annually decide by lot
> > which congregation or city is to send Christian blood to the other
> > congregations." ;
>
> > Thomas also believed that since the time when the Jews called out to
> > Pilate, "His blood be on us, and on our children" (Matt. xxvii. 25), they
> > have been afflicted with hemorrhages:
>
> > "A very learned Jew, who in our day has been converted to the [Christian]
> > faith, informs us that one enjoying the reputation of a prophet among them,
> > toward the close of his life, made the following prediction: 'Be assured
> > that relief from this secret ailment, to which you are exposed, can only be
> > obtained through Christian blood ["solo sanguine Christiano"].' This
> > suggestion was followed by the ever-blind and impious Jews, who instituted
> > the custom of annually shedding Christian blood in every province, in order
> > that they might recover from their malady."
>
> > Thomas does not mention the name of the "very learned" apostate Jew. The
> > Jewish encyclopedia claims it have been Nicholas Donin of La Rochelle, who
> > had a disputation on the Talmud<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Talmud.htm>in 1240 with Yehiel of Paris. In 1242 he caused the burning of numerous
> > Talmudic manuscripts in Paris. Thomas was personally acquainted with
> > Nicholas.
> > Blood Libel of Fulda
> > In Fulda, Germany, on Christmas 1235, while a miller and his wife were at
> > mass, their five sons died in a fire at home. The Jews of Fulda were accused
> > of murdering the sons and siphoning off their blood into waxed bags for
> > religious, medicinal, magical purposes. An enraged mob murdered thirty-four
> > Jews of the town. It was on this occasion that the Emperor Frederick II
> > undertook to investigate the question. Having questioned several apostate
> > Jews, he concluded that there was no truth in the blood libel, and tried
> > unsuccessfully to debunk the myth. (Jewish-Christian Encounters over the
> > Centuries: Symbiosis, Prejudice, Holocaust, Dialogue. Contributors: Marvin
> > Perry - editor, Frederick M. Schweitzer - editor., Peter Lang, New York,
> > 1994 p, 147, )
> > Blood Libel of Valreas
> > In 1247 at Valréas, in France, just across the border from Fulda, Jews were
> > tortured into confessing that a missing child had been crucified ( Norwich
> > style) to acquire its blood for ritual cannibalism (ibid p 148) .
> > Blood Libel of St Hugh of Lincoln
> > The case of Little St. Hugh of Lincoln (evidently called "little" to
> > distinguish him from another St Hugh of Lincoln) is mentioned by Chaucer. It
> > is also immortalized in an English ballad. In the Prioress' tale, Caucer
> > tells of
> > O yonge Hugh of Lyncoln,
> > slayn also With cursed Jewes,
> > as it is notable,
> > For it nis but a litel while ago,
> > The ballad, "Sir Hugh, or the Jews Daughter" is number 155 in The English
> > and Scottish Popular Ballads, by Francis James Child, reissued by Cooper
> > Square publishers in 1962. This collection was published throughout the end
> > of the 19th century. (Jacobs, Joseph, cited in Dundes, Alan, The Blood Libel
> > Legend, pp 41 ff). However, Chaucer sets his tale supposedly in Asia.
> > Hugh, son of Beatrice, age 8, disappeared at Lincoln on the 31st of July,
> > 1255. His body was discovered on the 29th of August, covered with filth, in
> > a pit or well belonging to a Jew named Jopin.
> > John of Lexington, a judge, promised that Jopin's life would be spared,
> > whereupon he supposedly confessed that the boy had been crucified by the
> > Jews, who had assembled at Lincoln to do the deed. King Henry III, who
> > reached Lincoln some five weeks afterward, at the beginning of October,
> > reneged on the promise of John of Lexington, and had Jopin executed and
> > ninety-one of the Jews of Lincoln seized and sent up to London, where
> > eighteen of them were executed. The rest were jailed and eventually
> > ransomed. (Jacobs, "Jewish Ideals," pp. 192-224).
> > In 1955, Anglican authorities dismantled the shrine and denounced the cult
> > of "Saint" Hugh.
> > Pforzheim Blood Libel
> > In 1267, at Pforzheim, Baden, the corpse of a seven-year-old girl was found
> > in the river by fishermen. The blood of this child was supposedly collected
> > on linen. The Jews were suspected, and when they were led to the corpse,
> > blood began to flow from the wounds; led to it a second time, the face of
> > the child became flushed, and both arms were raised. In addition to these
> > prodigies, a daughter of a "wicked woman" testified that her mother had sold
> > the child to the Jews. Very likely the old woman or the daughter had
> > murdered the child. There seems to have been a murder of Jews in connection
> > with this fabrication. The child was immortalized in the town cathedral.
> > (Salfeld, "Martyrologium," pp. 15, 128-130).
> > Weissenburg Blood Libel
> > At Weissenburg, Alsace, in 1270, according to the accusation, the Jews
> > suspended a child (whose body was found in the Lauter river) by the feet,
> > and had opened every artery in its body *in order to obtain all the blood*.
> > Its wounds were said to have bled for five days afterward.
> > Blood Libel of Werner at Oberwesel
> > In 1286, at Oberwesel, Jews were accused of murdering the eleven-year-old
> > child "the good Werner" after torturing him for three days. The corpse was
> > claimed to have floated upstream on the Rhine to Bacharach. It supposedly
> > emitted a radiance and had healing powers. The corpse was kept as a cult
> > object. The Jews of Oberwesel and many other adjacent localities were
> > severely persecuted from 1286-89, when the Emperor Rudolph I came to their
> > rescue and had the corpse of the child burnt and the ashes scattered.
> > Additionally, The Chronicle of Conrad Justinger recorded that at Bern in
> > 1294 the Jews had shockingly tortured and murdered the boy Rudolph.
> > The Blood Libel of Andreas of Rinn Church "decoration"
> > removed recently,
> > showing Jews murdering
> > Anderl of Rinn. The caption
> > reads "They cut the martyr's
> > throat and take all his blood."
> > In 1462, at Rinn, near Innsbruck in Austria, a boy named Andreas Oxner (or
> > Anderl or Andrew) was reportedly bought by Jewish merchants and cruelly
> > murdered by them in a forest near the city, his blood being carefully
> > collected in vessels. The story was only popularized in the 17th century. In
> > 1619 a Dr. Hippolyt Guarinoni (1571-1654) heard a story about little boy who
> > was buried in Rinn and had been murdered by Jews. Guarinoni claimed that he
> > dreamed that the year of death of this boy was 1462. The modern celebration
> > of the the cult of Anderl began in 1621 and by the late 17th century the
> > cult of Anderl was established throughout the Tyrol, together with other
> > boys who had supposedly been killed by Jews. In 1642 Guarinoni himself wrote
> > a book *Triumph Cron Marter Vnd Grabschrift des Heilig Unschuldigen Kindts
> > * [Triumph, Crown, Martyrdom and Epitaph of the Holy Innocent Child].ref<http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/rinn.html>
> > The story was related in the 19th century by the German folklorist Jacob
> > Grimm. The cult has continued until modern times. The stone on which the boy
> > was supposedly sacrificed, called the Judenstein, became a shrine with a
> > church.
> > In the 1950s, souvenir postcards portraying the murder were still being
> > sold and the then Bishop of Innsbruck stated his belief in the myth. Belated
> > attempts of a later Bishop of Innsbruck to end the cult had not been
> > entirely successful as late as 1985. Further details of the story are given
> > here: Blood Libel of Andreas of Rinn
> > <http://zionism-israel.com/dic/Andreas_of_Rinn_blood_libel.htm>
> > The Blood Libel of St Simon of Trent
> > The case of Simon of Trent or Simonino of Trent took place in 1475. The
> > Lent sermons of St. Bernardino da Feltre insisted that the Jews would
> > massacre a Christian child at Passover. On March 23, the day after Passover,
> > a Friday, the child Simon, aged 28 months disappeared, and was found dead on
> > March 26 by Jews. According to one account, he was found by three Jews named
> > Tobias, Samuel and Angelus. The whole community was arrested, tortured,
> > seventeen confessed, executions followed until halted by papal intervention.
> > Sixtus IV's legate, however, withdrew, intimidated by the wily prince-bishop
> > of Trent Johannes Hinderbach, and the "trial" and executions resumed.
> > Wire-pulled by Hinderbach, a papal commission approved the trial, and in
> > 1478 Pope Sixtus V formally endorsed the proceedings (attesting that the
> > Jews martyred Simon "in hatred of the faith of Christ,") Sixtus also
> > canonized Simon. By mid-1476, little Simon had no less than 129 miracles
> > attributed to him. "Blessed Simon of Trent" became the object of a cult of
> > veneration and pilgrimage, along with others like William of Norwich, Hugh
> > of Lincoln and Andreas of Rinn<http://zionism-israel.com/dic/Andreas_of_Rinn_blood_libel.htm>.
> > Further details of the case are given here: Simon of Trent<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Simon_of_Trent_blood_libel.htm>
> > Blood Libel of Christopher of La Guardia
> > At La Guardia, near Toledo, Spain, the blood libel accusation recurred in
> > 1490. The case may have been concocted by the Spanish Inquisition<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Inquisition.htm>.
> > No inquiry was made as to the remains, the clothes of the child, the
> > instruments of the murder, or the time and place of its commission. No child
> > was reported missing. Nonetheless, a number of Jews were hanged or burned to
> > death, and the case was used as an excuse to carry out the expulsion of the
> > Jews of Spain.
> > Blood Libel of Tyrnau
> > In a case at Tyrnau, Hungary, in 1494, absurd and impossible statements
> > were forced by torture from women and children in a blood libel case.
> > Evidently, the accused preferred death as way to escape torture, and
> > admitted everything that was asked of them. They "confessed," for example,
> > that Jewish men menstruated, and that they practiced the drinking of
> > Christian blood as a remedy. This was a common Christian superstition.
> > Blood Libel of Bosing
> > At Bazin (Bösing today Pezinok, Slovakia), Hungary, in 1529, Jews were
> > accused of bleeding a nine-year-old boy to death. Thirty Jews c"onfessed" to
> > the crime and were publicly burned. In fact however, no child at all was
> > killed. He was found alive in Vienna. He had been stolen by the accuser,
> > Count Wolf of Bazin, who found an easy and credible means of eliminating his
> > inconvenient Jewish creditors at Bazin.
> > Blood Libel of St Gavriil Belostoksky
> > Gavril Belostoksky is the only child-saint in the Russian Orthodox Church,
> > six years old from the village of Zverki in Belarus, who allegedly died in
> > 1690. According to a myth t was supported by the church, the boy was
> > kidnapped from his home during the holiday of Passover while his parents
> > were away. Shutko, a Jew of Białystok, was accused of kidnapping the boy,
> > bringing him to Białystok, poking him with sharp objects and draining his
> > blood for nine days, then bringing the body back to Zverki and dumping at a
> > local field. A cult developed, and the boy was canonized in 1820.
> > Blood Libel of Damascus
> > In February 1840, at Damascus, Syria, Father Thomas, a Capuchin, and his
> > servant were murdered. In this instance, also, confessions were obtained
> > only after the infliction of barbarous tortures. Several of the victims
> > died, and others were forced to convert to Islam. An account is given in a
> > contemporary letter concerning the Damascus blood libel<http://www.zionism-israel.com/hdoc/Damascus_Blood_Libel.htm>.
> > which was a plea for help by the heads of the Damascus Jewish community.
> > A trustworthy witness of the proceedings was the converted Jew G. W.
> > Pieritz, who said that he was no friend or defendant of "rabbinism." The
> > proceedings were stopped by the intervention of the Sultan Mahmoud II, at
> > the request of foreign governments. This blood libel was the first of
> > several initiated by Christians in the Middle East. Massacres of Jews by
> > Christians or Muslims and Christians were recorded in Aleppo (1850, 1875),
> > Damascus (1840, 1848, 1890), Beirut (1862, 1874), Dayr al-Qamar (1847),
> > Jerusalem (1847)Cairo (1844, 1890, 1901-02), Mansura (1877), Alexandria
> > (1870, 1882, 1901-07), Port Said (1903, 1908), Damanhur (1871, 1873, 1877,
> > 1891), Istanbul (1870, 1874), Buyukdere (1864), Kuzguncuk (1866), Eyub
> > (1868), Edirne (1872), Izmir (1872, 1874) among others. The Shiraz Pogrom
> > and Blood Libel <http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Shiraz.htm> was of
> > especial interest because it did not involve any Christian influence
> > apparently. A letter of 1879 records the relatively benign cases of blood
> > libel in Damanhur, Egypt.<http://zionism-israel.com/hdoc/Damanhur_Blood_Libels.htm>
> > Blood Libel of Rhodes
> > In 1840. The Jews of Rhodes, then in the Ottoman Empire, were accused of
> > murdering a Greek Christian boy. The local authorities were encouraged by
> > the intervention of European anti-Semitic consuls, especially the British
> > consul at Rhodes. Several Jews were arrested and tortured, and the entire
> > Jewish quarter was blockaded for twelve days. Sultan Mahmud II intervened.
> > An investigation carried out by the central Ottoman government found the
> > Jews to be innocent.
> > *Tiszaeszlár (*Tisza-Eslar): The Blood Libel of Esther
> > The Tiszaeszlár ( or Tisza-Eslar) blood libel is often thought to be
> > responsible for Hungarian anti-Semitism, though it is more probable that it
> > was a manifestation of anti-Semitism than a cause. Eszter Solymosi was a
> > 14-year-old Christian peasant girl who was a servant in the home of András
> > Huri in Tiszaeszlár, a Hungarian village situated on the Tisza river. On
> > April 1, 1882 she was sent on an errand, and never returned. Though she was
> > the wrong sex and too old for the classic blood libel, it was rumored that
> > Eszter had been murdered by Jewish religious fanatics.
> > Hungarian anti-Semites Géza Ónody, representative of Tiszaeszlár in the
> > Hungarian Parliament, and Győző Istóczy, MP, who later founded the
> > Anti-semitic Party, had proposed the expulsion of the Jews in the House of
> > Deputies. Now they incited the public against the local Jews, resulting in a
> > number of violent acts and pogroms. They spread the charge that the Jews had
> > killed the girl in order to use her blood at the approaching Passover.
> > On May 4 her mother accused the Jews before the local judge of having
> > murdered her daughter.
> > The county court of Nyíregyháza sent József Bary to act as examining judge
> > at Tiszaeszlár. Some women and girls testified that Scharf called Eszter
> > into his house, and the slaughterer ("shohet") cut off her head. Bary placed
> > the suspected Jews under police surveillance, and then interrogated
> > five-year-old son of the synagogue sexton József Scharf, The entire family
> > was then arrested, and all denied any knowledge of the events.
> > Móric, the 14 year old son, was given to Recsky, the commissar of safety,
> > who took him to his country house in Tiszanagyfalu. There he was evidently
> > intimidated by the court clerk, Péczely. Péczely as a large man who had
> > served twelve years in jail for murder,
> > Intimidated, the boy confessed that after the Sabbath morning service his
> > father called Eszter to his house under the pretext of requiring her to
> > remove some candlesticks (forbidden to Jews on Saturdays). Moric further
> > supposedly confessed that a Jewish beggar, Hermann Wollner, who lodged with
> > them, led the girl to the vestibule of the synagogue and attacked her.
> > Having undressed her, two ritual slaughterers (*shochatim*), Ábrahám
> > Buxbaum and Leopold Braun, had held her while another slaughterer, Salamon
> > Schwarz, incised her neck with a large knife and emptied the blood into a
> > pot. These three men, had come to Tiszaeszlár to officiate on that
> > particular Sabbath, and had, as the boy said, remained in the synagogue
> > after morning service.
> > Bary continued his investigations in the synagogue and houses and among the
> > graves; but nowhere could any traces of the living or dead girl be
> > discovered. Twelve Jews were arrested on suspicion, and Móric Scharf, the 14
> > year old brother, who also testified, was given in charge of the jailer.
> > On June 18 a body that the district physician declared to be of a
> > 14-year-old girl was found in the Tisza river near the village of Dada. Many
> > recognized it as Eszter Solymosi. Her mother, however, emphatically denied
> > it was Eszter's corpse, although she afterward identified the clothes in
> > which the body was found as those of her daughter. A committee of experts,
> > two physicians and one surgeon, declared the corpse was of a girl 18 to 20
> > years of age who had met with her death eight or ten days before. It was
> > then buried in the Catholic cemetery of Tiszaeszlár.
> > Anti-Semitic agitators, among whom was the Catholic priest of the town,
> > insinuated the body was smuggled in by the Jews and clothed in the garments
> > of Eszter Solymosi in order to conceal the crime of ritual murder. Several
> > of the craftsmen who found the body were induced by promises, threats, and
> > cruel treatment to revoke their former testimony and to declare they brought
> > the body to the river and an unknown Jewess had furnished them with the
> > clothes in which they dressed it. The investigation set off a wave of
> > anti-Semitism in Hungary that may have not entirely abated, despite the
> > destruction of Hungarian Jewry.
> > On July 29 formal accusations were made against fifteen persons: Salamon
> > Schwarz, Ábrahám Buxbaum, Leopold Braun, and Hermann Wollner, of murder;
> > József Scharf, Adolf Jünger, Ábrahám Braun, Sámuel Lustig, Lázár Weisstein,
> > and Emánuel Taub, of voluntary assistance in the crime; Anselm Vogel, Jankel
> > Smilovics, David Hersko, Martin Gross, and Ignác Klein. They were accused of
> > abetting the crime and smuggling the body. The delay in indictments was
> > caused in part by claims that Bary had acted illegally. He conducted his
> > examinations without the aid of the state attorney, wrote the minutes of
> > the proceedings without witnesses, and tortured the accused and suspects.
> > Móric Scharf was under the control of the district bailiff, who placed him
> > in the custody of the warden Henter. He was entirely under the influence of
> > their adversaries and received instructions as to the testimony to be given
> > by him at the trial.
> > The accused were defended by Károly Eötvös, journalist and member of the
> > House of Deputies, and by advocates B. Friedmann, Sándor Funták, Max Székely
> > of Budapest, and Ignác Heumann of Nyíregyháza, the seat of the county court
> > before which the case was tried. In a petition to Minister of Justice
> > Pauler, Eötvös protested in vain against the torture tactics of Bary. The
> > Hungarian patriot Lajos Kossuth, in exile in Turin, raised his voice against
> > the blood libel accusation, unworthy of a modern culture, but his voice was
> > drowned out by those of reactionary politicians.
> > At length, the corpse that had been found in the river was exhumed at the
> > request of the defense, and examined by experts from Budapest. The body was
> > too far decayed to permit identification, but there were no signs of any
> > throat incision. The girl could not have been a victim of ritual slaughter.
> > Further examination showed numerous contradictions in the testimony of the
> > boy Moric Scharf, and the defendants were acquitted.
> > The case polarized the liberal intelligentsia against the reactionaries, as
> > did the Dreyfus affair<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Dreyfus_Affair.htm>in France, but the results were not necessarily a victory for liberalism.
> > The verdict set off a wave of anti-Semitic agitation, including uprisings
> > throughout Hungary, especially in Pozsony and Budapest. Karoly, the lawyer
> > who successfully defended the case, wrote a book about it , *A nagy per*,
> > published in 1904.
> > Corfu Blood Libel
> > At Corfu an eight-year-old girl was murdered on April 12, 1891. Rumor
> > spread that the child was Maria Desylla, a Christian, and that Jews had
> > murdered her and then taken her blood. Her teacher, however, testified, in a
> > document attested by the French consul at Corfu, that the child's name was
> > Rubina Sarda, and that she was Jewish.
> > Xanten Blood Libel
> > In 1891, at Xanten in Prussia, a butcher named Adolph Buschhoff, was
> > accused of murdering 5 year old Johann Hegmann, and of drawing his blood and
> > concealing it. However, the two public prosecutors found that the accused
> > could not have committed the deed, and that there was no evidence showing
> > that blood had been concealed.
> > Hilsner Blood Libel
> > On April 1, 1899, the body of Agnes Hruza (or Anezka Hruzova), a 19 year
> > old seamstress, nineteen years old, was found in the forest near the town
> > of Polna, Bohemia, with a gash in her throat. Several vagrants were accused
> > of the murder including the 23 year old Leopold Hilsner, a man of limited
> > intelligence and also, apparently, limited physical ability. Though it was
> > shown that he was too weak to have committed the murders alone, he was
> > sentenced to death by the court at Kuttenberg for conspiring in the murder,
> > in an atmosphere of intimidation. No codefendants were named. The public
> > prosecutor, Schneider-Swoboda, and the advocate, Dr. Baxa, believed that a
> > ritual murder was involved, though Agnes, like Eszter was too old and of the
> > wrong sex. But the medical faculty of the Czech University of Prague showed
> > that no blood was missing.
> > The Czech patriot Tomas Masaryk took up the case and succeeded in getting a
> > new trial. Meanwhile Hilsner was frightened into implicating two other
> > vagrants, Joshua Erbmann and Solomon, Wassermann as those who had assisted
> > him. The were absolved, as one had been in jail and the other could prove
> > that he was visiting poor houses. Meanwhile Hilsner was accused of killing a
> > second girl, Marie Klimova, who had disappeared July 17, 1898. A body was
> > found October 27 in the same forest. In October 1900, Hilsner was condemned
> > a second time by the court at Pisek, this time for both murders. This
> > decision was again appealed, but it was upheld on May, 1901, by the Court of
> > Appeals at Vienna. The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment by the
> > emperor, and on March 24, 1918, he was pardoned by Karl I of Austria.
> > Hilsner died in 1928. The actual murderers were never found.
> > Kishinev Blood Libel and Pogrom
> > On February of 1903, near Kishinev, Bessarabia (now Chisinau, Moldava), in
> > the town of Dubossary, in what was then the southwestern part of the Russian
> > empire, a peasant found the corpse of 14-year old Mikhail Rybachenko,
> > bruised and covered with stab wounds, in a garden. The murder fuelled wild
> > rumors that he had been killed by local Jews in need of his Christian blood
> > to prepare their matzot.
> > Agents of the Ministry of the Interior and high Russian officials of the
> > Bessarabian administration helped to spread the rumors, evidently with
> > approval or under the direction of the minister of the interior, V. Plehve,
> > though this has been denied. They had been active in anti-Jewish agitation
> > before. A poisonous anti-Jewish campaign was led by Pavel. Krushevan,
> > publisher of the Bessarabian newspaper Bessarabets, who incited the
> > population through a constant stream of journalistic invective. Some of the
> > most virulent articles were penned by local police chief, Levendall. The
> > newspaper Ceem (World) likewise printed allegations about the blood libel.
> > It was later proved that the child was murdered by his relatives. An
> > additional suicide by a Christian girl in a Jewish mental institution helped
> > to fuel the furor.
> > A pogrom began on April 6, 1903. During three days of rioting, according to
> > official statistics, 49 Jews were murdered and more than 500 were injured,
> > some of them seriously. 700 houses were looted and destroyed and 600
> > businesses and shops were looted. The total property loss was estimated at
> > 2,500,000 gold rubles, and about 2,000 families were left homeless. Both
> > Russians and Romanians joined in the riots. Russians were sent in from other
> > towns and the students of the theological seminaries and the secondary
> > schools and colleges played a leading role. Police and soldiers did
> > nothing. The Hebrew poet Chaim Nachman Bialik<http://www.zionism-israel.com/bio/biography_bialik.htm>commemorated the riots in his poem, "Be-Ir ha-Haregah" ("In the City of
> > Death"). The poem became a staple of Zionist culture, literature and
> > ideology, and the poem became a way to symbolize and focus on the issue of
> > Jewish helplessness in the Diaspora<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Gola.htm>.
> > A second pogrom took place in Kishinev in 1905. Self defense efforts were
> > only slightly more successful in saving lives.
> > Shiraz Blood Libel and Pogrom
> > The blood libel and pogrom <http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Pogrom.htm>
> > that took place in Shiraz, Iran, in Ocotber,1910, is one of the few
> > recorded Muslim-instigated blood libels, though it is probably not the only
> > instance. The blood libel was only a pretext, since no child had died at
> > all. About 30 Jews were murdered and all 260 houses of the Jewish quarter
> > were completely looted and destroyed.
> > For details, see Shiraz Pogrom and Blood Libel<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Shiraz.htm>
> > Beilis Blood Libel
> > On March 12, 1911, in Kiev, Ukraine, 13-year-old Andrei Yushchinsky
> > disappeared on his way to school. Eight days later his mutilated body was
> > discovered in a cave near a local brick factory. A lamplighter testified
> > that the boy had been kidnapped by a Jew. A non-observant Jew, Menachem
> > Mendel Beilis, who was a foreman at the brick factory, was arrested July 21.
> > Beilis was imprisoned for 2 years while the Russian press published torrents
> > of anti-Semitic accusations against the Jews community in general. An honest
> > police officer, Nikolay Krasovsky, was fired for persisting in his efforts
> > to determine the truth. Leading Russian figures including Maxim Gorky and
> > Lev Tolstoy spoke out for Beilis.
> > The trial took place September 25 through October 28, 1913. The jury
> > included no educated people, and seven of its twelve members were members of
> > the "Black Hundreds" anti-semitic organization (Union of the Russian
> > People). Professor Sikorski of Kiev State University, father of Igor
> > Sikorsky, inventor of the helicopter, a medical psychologist, testified as
> > an expert witness that this was a case of ritual murder. An additional
> > expert that the government called was father Justinas Pranaitis, a priest
> > who had done a "scientific" study of ritual murder, which the largely
> > ignorant jury was inclined to believe. Nonetheless, Beilis was well
> > defended. His lawyers succeeded in showing that Pranaitis was a charlatan
> > who did not have the intimate knowledge of the Talmud<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Talmud.htm>that he claimed. Alexander
> > Glagolev, a Russian Orthodox philosopher and professor at the Kiev
> > Theological Seminary testified that eating of blood was forbidden in Jewish
> > law. The lamplighter admitted that he had been "confused" (primed) by the
> > police, and Beilis was acquitted.
> > The police officer Krasovsky continued his investigation on his own
> > initiative. He was assisted by colleagues from the Kiev Police Department.
> > They found the actual killers of Yushchinsky, professional criminals, one of
> > whose sons had been a friend of Yuschinsky's.
> > Beilis emigrated with his family to Palestine, but after World War I, in
> > 1920, he emigrated to the United States. He died in 1934.
> > Blood Libel in the USA
> > There have been several cases of false murder or violence accusations
> > against Jews in the United States, including the Phagan case in Atlanta
> > Georgia in 1912 and the recent case of Tawana Brawley, but there was
> > probably only one real ritual murder accusation. It took place in Massena
> > N.Y. in 1928. Massena is a town on the Canadian border. It had a population
> > of 8,000 with 19 Jewish families.
> > On September 22, 1928, two days before Yom Kippur, four-year-old Barbara
> > Griffiths went for a walk and got lost. After searchers did not find her, a
> > Greek immigrant apparently initiated the that the girl had been kidnapped
> > and killed by the town's Jews for a religious ritual associated with Yom
> > Kippur. The following day, the state police questioned Morris Goldberg, a
> > Jew raised in a non-Jewish orphanage, with little knowledge of Jewish
> > tradition. They they questioned Rabbi Berel Brennglass of the town's Adath
> > Israel synagogue. The State Police Officer asked, "Can you give any
> > information whether your people in the Old Country offer human sacrifices?"
> > and "Was there ever a time when the Jewish people used human blood?"
> > Brennglass became angry. Meanwhile, the girl turned up safe and sound. The
> > mayor of Massena apologized, but anti-Semitic townspeople persisted in
> > believing that the girl had been kidnapped for ritual murder and that only
> > the fact that she was found in time foiled the evil Jewish plot. ref<http://www.wherewhatwhen.com/read_articles.asp?id=317>
> > Blood Libel and Pogrom in Kielce, Poland
> > The Kielce pogrom <http://zionism-israel.com/dic/Kielce.htm> against
> > Polish Jewish Holocaust <http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Shoah.htm>
> > survivors was sparked by a blood libel, and was actively assisted by local
> > authorities. About 200 Jews, the remnants of Kielce's Jewish population, had
> > returned to the town. A father and his son falsely reported that the boy had
> > been kidnapped by the Jews, and that the Jews had kidnapped and killed a
> > number of children. Though no children were missing, the Poles stormed a
> > Zionist building where the bodies of these children were supposedly kept in
> > the cellar. The building had no cellar. The police and army spread rumors of
> > the blood libel. About 40 Jews were killed. The pogrom helped to hasten the
> > departure of Polish Jews for Palestine. Polish authorities are generally
> > reluctant to discuss this pogrom, and anti-Zionists insist that the only
> > reason Polish Jews left Poland is because of an anti-Semitism scare
> > supposedly created by Zionists.
> > See main article: Kielce pogrom and blood libel<http://zionism-israel.com/dic/Kielce.htm>
> > Blood Libel in Russia, 2005
> > In 2005, about 20 members of the Russian Duma alleged in an anti-Semitic
> > letter that Jews had committed ritual murders in the past, and urged action
> > against the Jews. However, the letter provoked a vigorous protest and was
> > withdrawn. No specific contemporary case was involved, but the incident
> > illustrated the persistence of this vile superstition.
> > *Ami Isseroff*
> > Additional Notes:
> > 1. From The Life and Miracles of, St William of Norwich, by Thomas of
> > Monmouth, with an introduction, translation and notes by Augustus Jessopp
> > and Montague Rhodes James (Cambridge University Press, 1896) "Chapter VI:
> > The Legend" (pp. lxii-lxxix), by M.R. James. Currently on the Web here:
> > users.globalnet.co.uk/~pardos/ArchiveWilliam.html
>
> > *Synonyms and alternate spellings: *
>
> > *Further Information: *pogrom<http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Pogrom.htm>
> > Inquisition <http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Inquisition.htm>
> > anti-Semitism <http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Anti-Semitism.htm> Time-Line:
> > Anti-Semitism<http://www.zionism-israel.com/his/Anti-semitism_timeline.htm>
> > ------------------------------
>
> > *Hebrew/Arabic pronunciation and transliteration conventions:*
>
> > *'H* - (*'het*) a guttural sound made deep in the throat. To Western ears
> > it may sound like the "ch" in *loch*. In Arabic there are several letters
> > that have similar sounds. Examples: 'hanukah, 'hamas, 'haredi. Formerly,
> > this sound was often represented by *ch*, especially in German
> > transliterations of Hebrew. Thus, 'hanukah is often rendered as Chanuka for
> > example.
>
> > *ch* - (*chaf*) a sound like *"ch*" in lo*ch* or the Russian *Kh* as in *Khruschev
> > *or German A*ch, *made by putting the tongue against the roof of the
> > mouth. In Hebrew, a chaf can never occur at the beginning of a word. At the
> > beginning of a word, it has a dot in it and is pronounced "Kaf."
>
> > *u* - usually between *oo* as in sp*oo*n and *u* as in p*u*t.
>
> > *a*- sounded like* a* in *a*rm
>
> > *ah*- used to represent an a sound made by the letter *hey* at the end of
> > a word. It is the same sound as *a*. Haganah and Hagana are alternative
> > acceptable transliterations.
>
> > *'a*-notation used for Hebrew and Arabic *ayin*, a guttural *ah* sound.
>
> > *o* - close to the French *o* as in h*o*mme.
>
> > *th* - (*taf *without a dot) - Th was formerly used to transliterate the
> > Hebrew *taf *sound for *taf* without a dot. However in modern Hebrew there
> > is no detectable difference in standard pronunciation of taf with or without
> > a dot, and therefore Histadruth and Histadrut, Rehovoth and Rehovot are all
> > acceptable.
>
> > *q*- (*quf*) - In transliteration of Hebrew and Arabic, it is best to
> > consistently use the letter q for the quf, to avoid confusion with similar
> > sounding words that might be spelled with a kaf, which should be
> > transliterated as K. Thus, Hatiqva is preferable to Hatikva for example.
> > ------------------------------
>
> > Definitions of Zionism<http://www.zionism-israel.com/zionism_definitions.htm>
> > General History of Zionism and the Creation of Israel<http://www.zionism-israel.com/zionism_history.htm>
> > History of Israel and Zionism <http://www.zionism-israel.com/history.htm>
> > Historical Source Documents of Israel and Zionism<http://www.zionism-israel.com/zionism_documents.htm>
>
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> > <http://www.zionism-israel.com/zionism_on_the_web.htm>
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> > *Copyright*
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> > This work and individual entries are copyright © 2005 by Ami Isseroff and Zionism
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> > Individual entries may be cited with credit to The Encyclopedia and
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> > ZioNation - Zionism-Israel Web Log <http://www.zionism-israel.com/log/>
> > Zionism & Israel News <http://zionism-israel.com/israel_news> Israel:
> > like this, as if <http://israel-like-this-as-if.blogspot.com/> Bible<http://zionism-israel.com/old_testament> Bible
> > Quotes <http://www.zionism-israel.com/old_testament/bible_quotes.html> History
> > of Zionism <http://www.zionism-israel.com/zionism_history.htm> Zionism FAQ<http://www.zionism-israel.com/issues> Zionism
> > Israel Center <http://www.zionism-israel.com/> Maps of Israel<http://www.zionism-israel.com/maps/Israel_Maps.htm>
> > Jew <http://zionism-israel.com/jew.htm> Israel Advocacy<http://zionism-israel.com/Israel_advocacy.pdf>
> > Zionism and its Impact<http://www.zionism-israel.com/impact_of_zionism.htm>
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