On Apr 11, 6:51 pm, Tommy News <tommysn...@gmail.com> wrote:
> George Zimerman has been arrested and charged with second degree
> murder, which carries a life sentence.
>
> On Apr 11, 3:55 pm, Mark <markmka...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
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> > HISTORY OF THE SHERIFF
> > The Office of the Sheriff has existed for over one thousand (1000)
> > years and is the oldest law enforcement position in the United States.
> > The word Sheriff is derived from the Shire-reeve, who was the most
> > powerful English law authority figure, even before 1000 A.D. The
> > Shire-reeve, in contrast to a reeve (in charge of mere tenths), was
> > responsible for both the order of the land within his banded group of
> > a hundred families (shire) and the call of the "hue and cry". The hue
> > and cry made every citizen in earshot of the sheriff's call lawfully
> > obligated to join in a posse-commitatas, or group, which banded to
> > catch criminals.
>
> > Additional Links
>
> > History of the Sheriff
> > A past, present and future
> > The Sheriff Politically Speaking
> > Legal Power of the Sheriff
> > New Jersey History
> > A PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE FOR THE OFFICE OF THE SHERIFF top
> > (Based on the National Sheriff's Association booklet: The Role Of The
> > Sheriff Past - Present - Future)
>
> > The exact date of the very first sheriff undertaking his sworn duties
> > to protect the lives and property of those under his jurisdiction can
> > not be determined due to ambiguous historical findings from all over
> > the World. All of these findings point towards some type of prototype
> > sheriff. Many historians believe that the ancient Roman pro-consul was
> > perhaps the first sheriff-like authority. Other historians believe
> > that a prototype sheriff appeared first in Saxon Germany. Still more
> > have discovered that there was an Arab chief or prince who was the
> > descendant of Mahammed, through his daughter Fatima, and was known as
> > the sharif - translated to mean illustrious or noble.
>
> > In 600 B.C., the Chaldean King of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar, was noted
> > in the Book of Daniel as being in the company of the sheriff during
> > the setting up of the golden image. This demonstrates that the early
> > recordings of the Holy Bible provide a 2600 year old reference of an
> > existing sheriff. It is true, however, that clear references and
> > recording of sheriffs are a uniquely English achievement.
>
> > Historian W. Morris wrote in his book about sheriffs that "The office
> > of the sheriff is one of the most familiar and most useful to be found
> > in the history of English institutions,...,with the single exception
> > of kingship, no secular dignity now known to English-speaking people
> > is older." Writer Walter H. Anderson, in his book, stated that "The
> > office of the sheriff is one of antiquity" and "is the oldest law
> > enforcement office known within the common-law system and it has
> > always been accorded great dignity and high trust."
>
> > Thomas Jefferson wrote in his The value of Constitutions, that "there
> > is no honorable law enforcement authority in Anglo-American law so
> > ancient as that of the county sheriff whose role as a peace officer
> > goes back at least to the time of Alfred the Great." All of these men
> > have shown the possibility that even though there may have been
> > sheriff like people in other cultures and times, today's sheriff is
> > essentially a direct descendant of the English sheriffs. It is known
> > that even the English sheriff was once referred to as a shire reeve,
> > and perhaps it is true that the shire reeve was a descendant of these
> > sheriff-like people of other lands.
>
> > The sheriff was created because laws needed enforcing. An interesting
> > way to track the roots of the sheriff is to study the written laws of
> > Kings in ancient times. One of the first Kings to do so was
> > Lipit-Istar, the King of Isin in 2207 B.C. He developed legally
> > binding guidelines to curb the behavior of his Sumerian subjects. A
> > little over a hundred years later, Babylonian King Hammurabi, devised
> > the well known and still studied codification system affectionately
> > called the Codes of Hammurabi. In 1500 B.C., King Thutmose III spoke
> > of justice when appointing Justice Rekhmire. All of these scenarios
> > point to a building up of a legal system in the Egyptian era.
>
> > Jews were eventually ordered to follow and obey the first five books
> > of the Old Testament known as the Pentateuch, showing recorded law
> > near the Roman era. Assyrians and Chinese governments attempted
> > codified laws and the Code of Manu was used by India. As the Roman era
> > was well underway, a digest of Roman law was created in 450 A.D. This
> > was improved in 550 A.D. by Justinian. As all of these were forged,
> > there must have been some type of enforcement by authority figures,
> > whether the kings themselves or their armies. It may be possible that
> > the sheriff role was merely a title of one who enforces.
>
> > Then the Magna Carta was written and signed by King John in 1215 A.D.,
> > nearly 800 years ago. The sheriffs had already existed and were known
> > under this sir title. Sheriffs had been recognized as principle
> > participants in the drama of government, seated just under the crown's
> > barons in hierarchy. Their duties and responsibilities mostly carried
> > over as America was established.
>
> > The English creation of the sheriff and the common law was forged
> > through the earlier influence of morals and values from the Angles,
> > Saxons, and the Normans. Their belief in home rule over government
> > control spawned the establishment of the tuns (towns) that eventually
> > became the tenths of land that banded together to fight in their wars.
> > As the tenths banded into hundredths and small counties formed
> > (reeves), they needed to be headed by a chief, called a gerefa. The
> > garefa eventually became the word reeve in the Saxon language. The
> > garefas and the chiefs of the smaller tenths, known as tithingmen,
> > possessed both tribal judicial and tribal police authority. There was
> > no government centralization until in 827 A.D. This is when Egbert,
> > King of Wessex won the loyalty of all the people in the tribes, newly
> > referred to as "Englishmen".
>
> > Alfred the Great created a system of freemen pledging the good
> > behavior of their neighbor, in sort of a prototype neighborhood watch.
> > A reeve was created to sound an alarm when criminals escaped from the
> > early jail. This alarm was the repeated shouting of the words hue and
> > cry and ironically was the ancestor of the citizen's arrest.
>
> > (The Hue and Cry, from Irene Gladwin's book: The Sheriff)
>
> > England continued to expand and the larger, more modern, counties
> > formed and were called shires. The reeves put in charge of the large
> > counties were called shire reeves in order to distinguish them from
> > the smaller county reeves. England then became a very war torn
> > country, there was the Norman Invasion, the fall of Hastings and the
> > subsequent end to Saxon rule over England.
>
> > The Norman influence over England only strengthened the power of the
> > sheriff. He became government oriented and lost his home rule
> > ideology. As government taxed the people the sheriff took on a new
> > responsibility to enforce taxation. Norman rule, however, was greatly
> > abusive and faced constant rebellion from the Englishmen. In 1199
> > Richard the Lionhearted died and his despotic brother, John, inherited
> > the throne and pushed the crown to its limit. His own barons and
> > sheriffs rebelled against him and he was forced to sign the prior
> > mentioned Magna Carta. This document became the proverbial
> > "cornerstone" from which the British and American governments were to
> > proliferate their power. There were at the very least, nine (9)
> > mentions of the office of sheriff in the Magna Carta.
>
> > Discovery and conquering of new land became central to the English
> > Crown. America was discovered and potentially named after the High
> > Sheriff of Bristol, Richard Amerycke, by error in the reading of a
> > voyage map (this is a recent theory that contrasts the theory of the
> > country being named after Amerigo Vespucci). As colonies were
> > established, the sheriff's office was copied into the local culture
> > and law. The first such transition of the English Sheriff to American
> > soil was in Virginia in 1634. Sheriff's were still appointed by the
> > King and was an extension of royal authority and representative of the
> > King. There is a record of a sheriff being elected by popular vote as
> > early as 1651, but this was highly irregular for the rules of the era.
>
> > Unlike the latter English sheriffs who put great expense out of their
> > pockets to perform the duty as sheriff, the American sheriff was very
> > profitable. This was attributed to the lack of pomp and ceremony that
> > existed in England and the need their to entertain. All men sought
> > this highly prestigious position in the colonies. Maryland,
> > coincidentally, became a close second in establishing the office of
> > the sheriff in the United States.
>
> > As Colonial times continued the Sheriff faced some unique and never
> > before experienced problems. Travel was very difficult in America as
> > there was no infrastructure and no address system. This meant that the
> > sheriff had to take advantage of the culture and knowing colonists
> > attended church, would wait at the churches of those he needed to
> > serve papers at. This was a very secular and ecclesiastical issue that
> > caused the churches to lobby for banning sheriffs from their premises
> > in official capacities. Despite any hard feelings, sheriffs were
> > provided their own seats at church and they counter lobbied for laws
> > requiring ministers to read the sheriffs' proclamations on two
> > successive Sundays, thus still allowing them to get their man.
> > Ironically, the sheriff became charged with the responsibility of
> > dealing with religious non-conformists.
>
> > As the
>
> ...
>
> read more »
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